Adjectives

Adjectives形容词

- Words that are use to describes (tell more about) or modifies a noun or pronoun.

- 用来形容、描述或修饰名词或代名词。

- Adjectives are usually used in a particular order:

- 形容词通常都跟据特定的次序使用：

1 quantity	2 quality	3 size	4 shape	5 age	6 colour	7 origin	8 material	(noun)
a		small			green		wooden	desk
two	beautiful			young		Chinese		teachers
an	ugly		round					table

●This is a small green wooden desk.

Descriptive Adjectives 描述性形容词

- Tells about size, shape, age, time, colour, origin, material or condition of a noun or pronoun.

- 描写或说明名词或代名词的体积、形状、年龄、时间、颜色、种族、原料或状况等。

Size体积	Shape形状	Age年龄	Time时间	Colour颜色	Origin种族	Material原料	Condition状况
fat	round	old	early	yellow	Malay	wooden	sad
tall	square	new	late	blue	Chinese	plastic	poor
small	triangular	young		red	Indian	rubber	sharp

●The lady was sad.

Adjectives of Quantity 数量形容词

- Tells the number or amount of a particular noun.

Definite定数					Indefinite不定数
1	2	3	4		many	much	any
one	two	three	four		a few	a little	all
first	second	third	fourth		several	some	plenty of
a	an	twenty-three	forty		a number of	an amount of	a lot of

 - 说明名词的数目或数量。

●There are five apples on the table.

Adjectives of Distinction 区别性形容词

a) Demonstrative Adjectives指示形容词

- this这, that那, these这些, those那些

- Used to point out a particular noun.

-用来指出特定的名词

●That man is my teacher.

b) Interrogative Adjectives疑问形容词

- which哪个, what什么, whose谁的

- Used with a noun to ask a question.

-与名词并用以用来发出问题。

●Which road did you take?

c) Distributive Adjectives分配形容词

- each各自, every每, either任何一个, neither都不是, all全部

- Used to show the way something is shared or exists among a group of people or things.

- 说明事物在一组人或物之中的分配方式。

●Each pupil has to bring a bottle.

Comparison of Adjectives形容词的比较

a) Positive Degree原级

- Used to compare two persons or things that are equal in certain aspects.

- 用来比较两个同等的人或物。

- Used with ‘as…as’ (一样), ‘not as…as’ (不一样), ‘not so…as’ (不太一样).

●Ali is as tall as Ahmad.

●Ali is not as tall as Mohan.

●Ali is not so tall as Mohan.

b) Comparative Degree比较级

- Used to compare two persons or things that are not equal in certain aspects.

- 用来比较两个不同等的人或物。

- Used ‘than’ after adjective word for comparative degree adjectives.

- ‘than’ 用于比较级形容词后。

●Mohan is taller than Ali.

●Lily is more beautiful than Michele.

- A few adjective word for comparative degree adjectives used ‘to’ after adjective word, not ‘than’, such

  as senior, junior, inferior and superior.

- 一些比较级形容词后用‘to’ 而不是 ‘than’，例如：senior、junior、inferior和superior。

●He is junior to me in this company.

c) Superlative Degree最高级

- Used to compare three or more persons or things that are unequal in certain aspects.

- 用来比较三个或三个以上不同等的人或物。

- Used ‘the…of’, ‘the…among’ or ‘the…in’ with superlative degree adjectives.

- ‘the…of’, ‘the…among’ 或‘the…in’ 和最高级形容词一起用。

●John is the cleverest of the four boys.

●Lim is the richest man in the village.

●Stephanie is the most talkative among all the girls.

d) Forming of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 比较级和最高级形容词的形成法

  Short Adjectives短音节形容词(单音节或双音节)

  i) Most of the short adjectives (one syllable or two syllables):

     - Add –er to form comparative. (long – longer)

     - Add –est to form superlative. (long – longest)

     多数短音节形容词只需在词后分别加–er或–est构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
bitter bright clean clever cold cool dark fast fresh hard high kind light long loud low	bitterer brighter cleaner cleverer colder cooler darker faster fresher harder higher kinder lighter longer louder lower	bitterest brightest cleanest cleverest coldest coolest darkest fastest freshest hardest highest kindest lightest longest loudest lowest		narrow near neat old poor quiet rich short slow small soft strong sweet tall warm weak	narrower nearer neater older poorer quieter richer shorter slower smaller softer stronger sweeter taller warmer weaker	narrowest nearest neatest oldest poorest quietest richest shortest slowest smallest softest strongest sweetest tallest warmest weakest

 ii) When an adjective ends with a short vowel (a, e, i, o, u) and a single consonant (b, c, d…) such as big,

     hot, double the consonant before adding –er or –est. (bigger, hotter) *except –ow*

     当短音节形容词以单一元音 (a, e, i, o, u) 和单一辅音 (b, c, d…) 结尾时，重复辅音字母，然后才分别加–er

   或–est构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
big fat flat hot	bigger fatter flatter hotter	biggest fattest flattest hottest		sad thin wet	sadder thinner wetter	saddest thinnest wettest

iii) For short adjectives that end in ‘e’, add only –r or –st. (large – larger –largest)

     当短音节形容词以‘e’结尾时，只需分别加–r或–st构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
fierce large late nice	fiercer larger later nicer	fiercest largest latest nicest		ripe safe wide wise	riper safer wider wiser	ripest safest widest wisest

iv) For short adjectives that end in ‘y’, change ‘y’ to ‘i’ before adding -er or –est. (busy – busier – busiest)

     当短音节形容词以‘y’结尾时，必须把‘y’换成‘i’，然后才分别加–er或–est构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
angry busy dirty early easy funny greedy happy healthy heavy	angrier busier dirtier earlier easier funnier greedier happier healthier heavier	angriest busiest dirtiest earliest easiest funniest greediest happiest healthiest heaviest		hungry lazy lucky naughty noisy pretty tidy tiny ugly	hungrier lazier luckier naughtier noisier prettier tidier tinier uglier	hungriest laziest luckiest naughtiest noisiest prettiest tidiest tiniest ugliest

 v) Some short adjectives form their comparative and superlative with ‘more’ and ‘most’.

     一些特别的短音节形容词分别用‘more’ 和 ‘most’构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
modern famous	more modern more famous	most modern most famous		careful useful	more careful more useful	most careful most useful

  Long Adjectives长音节形容词(三个音节或三个音节以上)

  Most of the long adjectives (three or more syllables):

  - Form comparative with ‘more’. (beautiful – more beautiful)

  - Form superlative with ‘most’. (beautiful – most beautiful)

    多数长音节形容词分别用‘more’ 和 ‘most’构成比较级和最高级形式。

Positive 原级	Comparative 比较	Superlative 最		Positive 原级	Comparative 比较	Superlative 最
beautiful dangerous difficult exciting	more beautiful more dangerous more difficult more exciting	most beautiful most dangerous most difficult most exciting		expensive interesting hardworking unusual	more expensive more interesting more hardworking more unusual	most expensive most interesting most hardworking most unusual

  Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives不规则的比较级和最高级形式

  Some of the adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. (bad – worse – worst)

  一些常用的形容词有不规则的比较级和最高级形式。

Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最		Positive原级	Comparative比较	Superlative最
good well many much	better better more more	best best most most		bad far little	worse further less	worst furthest least