Nouns

Nouns 名词

-Names of a person, an animals, a place, a thing, a quality or an action.

-表示人、动物、地方、事物、东西、性质或动作的名称。

Common Nouns普通名词

-General names of people, animals, places, or things. Common nouns are not capitalized.

-人、动物、地方、东西的通用名称，普通名词的第一个字母不是大写。

Examples:

People  人         - father, mother, man, woman, teacher, pupil

Animals            动物      - dog, cat, chicken, tiger, lion, elephant, zebra

Places   地方      - school, field, market, hill, classroom, zoo, library

Things  东西      - pencil, pen, chair, cup, spoon, ball, telephone, car, television, biscuit

Proper Nouns专有名词

-Specific names of people, animals, places, things or organizations. Proper nouns are capitalized.

-人、动物、地方、东西的专有或特定名称，专有名词的第一个字母一定是大写。

Examples:

People  人         - Ali, Ahmad, Lily, Jacky, Andy, Lee Su Min,

Animals            动物      - Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck

Places   地方      - Mount Kinabalu, Sungai Rejang, Klang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, SJK (C) Pin Hua

Things  东西      - Perodua Kelisa, Proton Waja, Ferrari

Others 其他      - January, February, Sunday, Monday, English, Mathematics, Class 5J

Singular Nouns & Plural Nouns 单数名词和复数名词

-Singular means one and plural means more than one.

-单数表示单一的数量，而复数表示两个或多个的数量。

a) Most plural nouns are formed by adding –s to the singular forms of the words.

大多数的复数名词是在其单数名词结尾加 –s构成的。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
house                屋	houses		pencil                铅笔	pencils
book                 书	books		nut                    果实	nuts
finger               手指	fingers		dog                    狗	dogs

b) For singular nouns ending in –s, -sh, -ch, -x and –z. add –es to form the plural nouns.

    以–s, -sh, -ch, -x 和 –z 结尾的单数名词，它的复数名词结尾需加 –es。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
bus                   巴士	buses		watch                手表	watches
glass                玻璃	glasses		church              教堂	churches
dress               女装	dresses		waltz          华尔兹舞	waltzes
dish                  碟	dishes		buzz                  杂声	buzzes
bush                 矮树	bushes		box                箱；盒	boxes
brush               刷子	brushes		fox                   狐狸	foxes

c) For most singular nouns ending in –o, add –es to form the plural nouns.

    大多数以 –o 结尾的单数名词，它的复数名词结尾需加 –es。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
hero                 英雄	heroes		buffalo             水牛	buffaloes
tomato             蕃茄	tomatoes		mango               芒果	mangoes
potato           马铃薯	potatoes		cargo                货物	cargoes

d) For singular nouns ending in –o, but preceded by vowel (a,e,i,o,u) add –s to form the plural nouns.

    一些以 –o 结尾的单数名词，但是 -o 的前面是辅音(a,e,i,o,u)时，它的复数名词结尾只需加 –s。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
radio             收音机	radios		studio            工作室	studios
igloo          圆顶冰屋	igloos		video                 影像	videos
bamboo             竹	bamboos		zoo                动物园	zoos

e) Exception: 例外：

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)			Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
zero                  零	zeros	zeroes		piano                 钢琴	pianos
photo               照片	photos			kimono        日本和服	kimonos
dynamo         发电机	dynamos			torso             人体的	torsos
banjo            五弦琴	banjos
jumbo           特大的	jumbos
solo                 单独	solos

f) For most singular nouns ending in –y, take away the –y and add –ies to form the plural nouns.

    大多数以 –y 结尾的单数名词，它的复数名词结尾需删除掉 –y 然后才加 –ies。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
dictionary        辞典	dictionaries		party      聚会；团体	parties
lady                 女士	ladies		story                故事	stories
baby                婴儿	babies		city                  城市	cities

g) For singular nouns ending in –y, but preceded by vowel (a,e,i,o,u) add –s to form the plural nouns.

    一些以 –y 结尾的单数名词，但是 -y 的前面是辅音(a,e,i,o,u)时，它的复数名词结尾只需加 –s。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
day                   天	days		guy                    人	guys
monkey             猴子	monkeys		toy                    玩具	toys
boy                  男孩	boys		valley                山谷	valleys

h) For most singular nouns ending in –f or –fe , take away –f/-fe  and add –ves to form the plural nouns.

大多数以 –f或 -fe 结尾的单数名词，它的复数名词结尾需删除掉 –f/-fe 然后才加 –ves。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
leaf                  叶子	leaves		knife                 小刀	knives
half                  一半	halves		life                    生命	lives
wolf                  狼	wolves		wife                  妻子	wives

i) Exception: 例外：

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)			Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
hoof                 蹄	hoofs	hooves		safe               安全的	safes
dwarf              矮人	dwarfs	dwarves		chief                 首领	chiefs
handkerchief   手帕	handkerchiefs			cliff                  悬崖	cliffs
wharf              码头	wharfs	wharves
roof                 屋顶	roofs
gulf                  海湾	gulfs

j) Some nouns have irregular plural forms. The plural nouns form by changing the spelling of singular nouns.

   有一些名词不按规则构成复数形式。复数名词由改变单数名词拼写而成。

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
child                 小孩	children		mouse               老鼠	mice
foot                  脚	feet		ox                     牛	oxen
fungus              菌类	fungi		policeman          警察	policemen
goose                鹅	geese		tooth                牙齿	teeth
louse             寄生虫	lice		woman               女人	women
man                  男人	men

k) Some nouns use only singular form for both singular and plural. (Unchanged)

    有一些名词的复数和单数一样，不必改变。

aircraft     飞行器	cod                  鳕鱼
deer               鹿	dozen    打；十二个
dice               骰子	trout               鳟鱼
fish                鱼	salmon             鲑鱼
reindeer        驯鹿	sheep              绵羊

l) Some nouns use only plural form for both singular and plural. (Nouns that use “pair”)

    有一些名词没有单数，只有复数形式可以用。(用“双” 量词的名词)

athletics       田径	pliers              钳子
mathematics 数学	scissors          剪刀
measles         麻疹	trousers         长裤
news             新闻	shorts             短裤
physics      物理学	spectacles       眼镜
binoculars  望远镜	pincers            钳子
glasses          眼镜	jeans           牛仔裤

m) Exception: 例外：

Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)		Singular 单数(一个)	Plural 复数(多个)
father-in-law   岳父	fathers-in-law		maid-servant     女佣	maid-servants
son-in-law         女婿	sons-in-law		step-son            继子	step-sons
passer-by         行人	passers-by		mouse-trap    捕鼠器	mouse-traps

Countable Nouns & Uncountable Nouns 可数名词和不可数名词

a) Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted. Have singular (one) or plural (more than one) form.

    可数名词是可以算的名词。(有单数和复数)

-A, an, one, many, a few, several, a number of and numerals (two, three, four) are used before countable nouns.

-A, an, one, many, a few, several, a number of和数字用于可数名词之前。

Examples:

a	a bag
an	an umbrella
one	one country
many	many motorcycles
a few	a few days
several	several places
a number of	a number of players
numerals (five)	five players

多数；许多

少数；少许；几

几个；不同的；各自

许多

b) Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted. Have only one form.

    不可数名词是不可以算的名词。(只有单数)

Examples:

butter	food	milk	rice	stars	water
coffee	honey	money	salt	tea
flour	homework	oil	sand	vegetable

-Much, a little and an amount of are used before uncountable nouns.

-Much, a little和an amount of用于不可数名词之前。

much	much time
a little	a little sugar
an amount of	an amount of money

多；大量；非常

少量；少许

一定数量

-Some, any, plenty of and a lot of are used before both countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

-Some, any, plenty of和a lot of适用于可数名词和不可数名词之前。

	countable nouns	uncountable nouns
some	some children	some milk
any	any eggs	any money
plenty of	plenty of books	plenty of soup
a lot of	a lot of apartments	a lot of noise

一些

任何的

很多的；充足

许多的

Nouns of Quantity 量词

- Use to show the quantity of a noun.

- 用来表示名词的数量。

Examples:

碗 a bowl of rice                       滴 a drop of oil                         卷 a reel of thread

盒 a box of matches                 杯 a glass of water                   片 a slice of ham/ bread

块 a bar of chocolate               条 a loaf of bread                    堆 a stack of hay

罐 a can of drink                      包 a packet of flour                  罐 a tin of milk

杯 a cup of tea                         块 a piece of cake/ land           管 a tube of toothpaste

群 a dash of paper                    撮 a pinch of salt                                 

Collective Nouns 集体名词

- Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals and things.

- 集体名词是一组人、动物或东西的总称。

Examples:

捆a bundle of sticks                 族a tribe of natives                 群a school of whales/dolphins            

批a collection of books            团a troupe of dancers              群a swarm of bees/flies/insects         

串a string of pearls/beads       班a class of students               群a flock of birds/sheep        

梳a comb of bananas                伙a party of friends                群a troop of monkeys  

副a pack of cards                    组a choir of singers                 群a herd of goats/cattle/elephants

套a suit of clothes                   组a band of musicians              群a pride of lions

堆a heap of stones/sand          大群an army of workers           群a pack of wolves

束a bunch of keys                    群a crowd of people                 群a team of horses/oxen

束a bouquet of flowers            群a gang of thieves/robbers    窝a litter of puppies/cubs/kittens      

队a flight of aeroplanes           群a cluster of stars                 窝a brood of chickens 

队a fleet of ships/cars            群a group of islands                 窝a nest of mice         

队a team of players                 群a shoal of fish                      丛 a clump of trees

Possessive Nouns 属有词 (所有格名词)

- Possessive nouns show possession or ownership. We use apostrophe ( ’ ) to show that something belongs  

  to someone, or that something is associated with someone.

- 属有词表示拥有权。我们用撇号( ’ ) 来说明某物属于某人或与某人有关。

- When the noun is singular and does not end with an s, add ’s.

   不以s 结尾的单数名词加 ’s。

   Examples: the girl’s book, Mr Tan’s wife, the cat’s paws

- When the noun is singular and ends with an s, add ’s or ’.

   以s 结尾的单数名词加 ’s 或 ’ 都可以。

   Examples: the boss’s documents / the boss’ documents, James’s book / James’ book.

- When the noun is plural and ends with an s, add only apostrophe ( ’ ).

   以s 结尾的复数名词只加撇号( ’ )。

   Examples: the students’ parents, the dogs’ tail, the ladies’ lipsticks

- When the noun is plural but does not end with an s, add ’s.

   不以s 结尾的复数名词加 ’s。

   Examples: the gentlemen’s hats, the children’s toys.

- When two or more people own the same object (joint possession), only the last name is possessive ( add ’s ).

   当两人或两人以上共同拥有同一样东西时(共有权) ，只有最后的名字是属有词(加 ’s)。

   Examples: Lily and Lina’s drink. (They share the same drink)

- When two or more people own the object individually (separate possession), each name is possessive ( add ’s ).

   当两人或两人以上个别拥有同某样东西时(个别拥有权) ，每一个名字都是属有词(加 ’s)。

   Examples: Lily’s and Lina’s drinks. (They drink different drink)

- When the noun refers to time, distance or price, add ’s or ’.

   当名词提到时间、距离或价格时，词尾加 ’s 或 ’ 。

   Examples: a week’s leave, ten days’ holidays, two minutes’ walk, two hour’s drive, half months’ bonus

- When the noun is a non-living thing, we show possession by using of.

   当名词表示无生命物体时，我们用 of说明拥有权。

   Examples: the wheels of the car, the capital of Indonesia, the meaning of this word.